Mickey and Minnie Mouse enter the public domain in the US
The iconic cartoon characters Mickey and Minnie Mouse, who made their debut in the 1928 short film Steamboat Willie, are now free for anyone to use or rework in the US, as the film’s copyright has expired.
Steamboat Willie, which features early non-speaking versions of the characters, is widely regarded as a landmark in animation history and the moment that launched Disney’s success.
However, the public domain status only applies to the original versions of Mickey and Minnie, not the more modern and recognizable ones that Disney has developed over the years. The company still holds a trademark on the characters as a brand identifier and a corporate mascot, which means there are limits on how they can be used without permission or cost.
Disney said it would continue to protect its rights in the more modern versions of Mickey and other works that remain subject to copyright, and to safeguard against consumer confusion caused by unauthorized uses of its iconic characters.
The company has faced losing the rights to its original cartoons several times in the past but has managed to delay the expiration by lobbying for extensions of the copyright term. The law, which now grants 95 years of protection, has been dubbed "the Mickey Mouse Protection Act".
Jennifer Jenkins, director of the Duke Centre for the Study of the Public Domain, told the BBC that the expiration was a “deeply symbolic and long awaited” milestone, as it would allow creatives to copy, share and build upon the original cartoons and the characters within them.
Mickey and Minnie are not the only works from 1928 that are entering the public domain in the US on New Year’s Day. Other famous films, books, music and characters that are now available to the American public include Charlie Chaplin’s The Circus, AA Milne’s The House at Pooh Corner, Virginia Woolf’s Orlando, DH Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover, and George Gershwin’s Rhapsody in Blue.
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